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BitLocker is a full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. BitLocker originated as a part of Microsoft's Next-Generation Secure Computing Base architecture in as a feature tentatively codenamed "Cornerstone" [4] [5] and was designed to protect information on devices, particularly if a device was lost or stolen; another feature, titled "Code Integrity Rooting", was designed to validate the integrity of Microsoft Windows boot and system files.
Initially, the graphical BitLocker interface in Windows Vista could only encrypt the operating system volume. Starting with Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 and Windows Server , volumes other than the operating system volume could be encrypted using the graphical tool.
Still, some aspects of the BitLocker such as turning autolocking on or off had to be managed through a command-line tool called manage-bde. The version of BitLocker included in Windows 7 and Windows Server R2 adds the ability to encrypt removable drives. Starting with Windows Server and Windows 8, Microsoft has complemented BitLocker with the Microsoft Encrypted Hard Drive specification, which allows the cryptographic operations of BitLocker encryption to be offloaded to the storage device's hardware.
Windows Mobile 6. The recovery key is stored to either the Microsoft account or Active Directory , allowing it to be retrieved from any computer. While device encryption is offered on all versions of 8. Starting with Windows 10 , the requirements for device encryption have changed, requiring a TPM 1. In September a new update was released KB [25] changing the default setting for BitLocker when encrypting a self-encrypting hard drive.
Now, the default is to use software encryption for newly encrypted drives. This is due to hardware encryption flaws and security concerns related to those issues. Three authentication mechanisms can be used as building blocks to implement BitLocker encryption: [27]. The following combinations of the above authentication mechanisms are supported, all with an optional escrow recovery key:.
BitLocker is a logical volume encryption system. A volume spans part of a hard disk drive , the whole drive or more than one drive. BIOS and boot sector , in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware.
In order for BitLocker to encrypt the volume holding the operating system, at least two NTFS -formatted volumes are required: one for the operating system usually C: and another with a minimum size of MB, which remains unencrypted and boots the operating system. A tool called the BitLocker Drive Preparation Tool is also available from Microsoft that allows an existing volume on Windows Vista to be shrunk to make room for a new boot volume and for the necessary bootstrapping files to be transferred to it.
Once an alternate boot partition has been created, the TPM module needs to be initialized assuming that this feature is being used , after which the required disk-encryption key protection mechanisms such as TPM, PIN or USB key are configured. Protection of the files from processes and users within the operating system can only be performed using encryption software that operates within Windows, such as EFS.
BitLocker and EFS, therefore, offer protection against different classes of attacks. In Active Directory environments, BitLocker supports optional key escrow to Active Directory, although a schema update may be required for this to work i.
BitLocker and other full disk encryption systems can be attacked by a rogue boot manager. Once the malicious bootloader captures the secret, it can decrypt the Volume Master Key VMK , which would then allow access to decrypt or modify any information on an encrypted hard disk.
Note that some non-malicious changes to the boot path may cause a Platform Configuration Register check to fail, and thereby generate a false warning. All these attacks require physical access to the system and are thwarted by a secondary protector such as a USB flash drive or PIN code.
Although the AES encryption algorithm used in BitLocker is in the public domain , its implementation in BitLocker, as well as other components of the software, are proprietary ; however, the code is available for scrutiny by Microsoft partners and enterprises, subject to a non-disclosure agreement.
According to Microsoft sources, [47] BitLocker does not contain an intentionally built-in backdoor , i. In , the UK Home Office expressed concern over the lack of a backdoor and tried entering into talks with Microsoft to get one introduced. Niels Ferguson's position that "back doors are simply not acceptable" [49] is in accordance with Kerckhoffs's principle. Stated by Netherlands born cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century, the principle holds that a cryptosystem should be secure, even if everything about the system, except the key , is public knowledge.
In October , it was reported that a flaw ROCA vulnerability in a code library developed by Infineon , which had been in widespread use in security products such as smartcards and TPMs, enabled private keys to be inferred from public keys.
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